References popup

The weeks shown in color represent the start and end points of chemical exposure for each study.

Study Results Study Details References

Results for Dioxin (TCDD)

Decreased body weight at 2 and 28 days of age in males and at 2 days of age in females

Subjects: Holtzman rats

Chemical: Dioxin (TCDD)

Low doses tested: 0.4 μg/kg bw

Other doses tested: Initial dose was followed by weekly maintenance doses of 0.08 μg/kg during mating, pregnancy, and lactational periods

Route of administration: delivered orally via gavage

Exposure duration: preconception – weaning (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 1 to beyond birth)

Age of measurement: birth through adulthood

Reference [PubMed Link]
Ikeda M, Tamura M, Yamashita J, Suzuki C, Tomita T. 2005. Repeated in utero and lactational 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exposure affects male gonads in offspring, leading to sex ratio changes in F-2 progeny. Toxicology & Applied Pharmacology 206(3):351-355.
Study Results Study Details References

Results for Dioxin (TCDD)

Decreased percent of male pups born to treated male offspring mated with untreated females

Subjects: Holtzman rats

Chemical: Dioxin (TCDD)

Low doses tested: 0.4 μg/kg bw

Other doses tested: Initial dose was followed by weekly maintenance doses of 0.08 μg/kg during mating, pregnancy, and lactational periods

Route of administration: delivered orally via gavage

Exposure duration: preconception – weaning (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 1 to beyond birth)

Age of measurement: birth through adulthood

Reference [PubMed Link]
Ikeda M, Tamura M, Yamashita J, Suzuki C, Tomita T. 2005. Repeated in utero and lactational 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exposure affects male gonads in offspring, leading to sex ratio changes in F-2 progeny. Toxicology & Applied Pharmacology 206(3):351-355.
Study Results Study Details References

Results for Dioxin (TCDD)

Decreased body weight at 120 days of age at 0.053 μg/kg

Subjects: Wistar(Han) rats

Chemical: Dioxin (TCDD)

Low doses tested: 0.0028, 0.0093 or 0.053 μg/kg/day

Route of administration: delivered in daily diet

Exposure duration: 12 weeks prior to mating – birth (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 1 to beyond birth)

Age of measurement: birth through 120 days of age

Reference [PubMed Link]
Bell DR, Clode S, Fan MQ, Fernandes A, Foster PMD, Jiang T, Loizou G, Macnicoll A, Miller BG, Rose M, Tran L, White S. 2007. Toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the developing male Wistar(Han) rat. II: Chronic dosing causes developmental delay. Toxicol Sci 99(1):224-233.
Study Results Study Details References

Results for Dioxin (TCDD)

Decreased offspring survival through day 4 at 0.053 μg/kg /day

Subjects: Wistar(Han) rats

Chemical: Dioxin (TCDD)

Low doses tested: 0.0028, 0.0093 or 0.053 μg/kg/day

Route of administration: delivered in daily diet

Exposure duration: 12 weeks prior to mating – birth (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 1 to beyond birth)

Age of measurement: birth through 120 days of age

Reference [PubMed Link]
Bell DR, Clode S, Fan MQ, Fernandes A, Foster PMD, Jiang T, Loizou G, Macnicoll A, Miller BG, Rose M, Tran L, White S. 2007. Toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the developing male Wistar(Han) rat. II: Chronic dosing causes developmental delay. Toxicol Sci 99(1):224-233.
Study Results Study Details References

Results for Dioxin (TCDD)

Increased ratio of liver weight to body weight at 120 days of age at 0.0028 and 0.053 μg/kg/day

Subjects: Wistar(Han) rats

Chemical: Dioxin (TCDD)

Low doses tested: 0.0028, 0.0093 or 0.053 μg/kg/day

Route of administration: delivered in daily diet

Exposure duration: 12 weeks prior to mating – birth (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 1 to beyond birth)

Age of measurement: birth through 120 days of age

Reference [PubMed Link]
Bell DR, Clode S, Fan MQ, Fernandes A, Foster PMD, Jiang T, Loizou G, Macnicoll A, Miller BG, Rose M, Tran L, White S. 2007. Toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the developing male Wistar(Han) rat. II: Chronic dosing causes developmental delay. Toxicol Sci 99(1):224-233.
Study Results Study Details References

Results for Dioxin (TCDD)

Decreased body weight in F2 and F3 generation at 0.01 μg/kg/day

Subjects: Sprague-Dawley rats

Chemical: Dioxin (TCDD)

Low doses tested: 0.001 or 0.01 μg/kg bw/day

Other doses tested: 0.1 μg/kg bw/day

Route of administration: delivered daily in feed

Exposure duration: 90 days prior to mating – fed daily (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 1 to beyond birth)

Age of measurement: 90 days prior to mating through 396 days of age

Reference [PubMed Link]
Murray FJ, Smith FA, Nitschke KD, Humiston CG, Kociba RJ, Schwetz BA. 1979 Sep 15. Three-generation reproduction study of rats given 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the diet. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 50(2):241-52.
Study Results Study Details References

Results for Dioxin (TCDD)

Decreased fertility, litter size, gestation survival, post-natal survival and generational survival across several generations

Subjects: Sprague-Dawley rats

Chemical: Dioxin (TCDD)

Low doses tested: 0.001 or 0.01 μg/kg bw/day

Other doses tested: 0.1 μg/kg bw/day

Route of administration: delivered daily in feed

Exposure duration: 90 days prior to mating through 307 days of age – fed daily (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 1 to beyond birth)

Age of measurement: 90 days prior to mating through 396 days of age

Reference [PubMed Link]
Murray FJ, Smith FA, Nitschke KD, Humiston CG, Kociba RJ, Schwetz BA. 1979 Sep 15. Three-generation reproduction study of rats given 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the diet. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 50(2):241-52.
Study Results Study Details References

Results for Dioxin (TCDD)

Increased incidence of slightly dilated renal pelvis in F1 generation at 21 days of age at 0.001 μg/kg/day

Subjects: Sprague-Dawley rats

Chemical: Dioxin (TCDD)

Low doses tested: 0.001 or 0.01 μg/kg bw/day

Other doses tested: 0.1 μg/kg bw/day

Route of administration: delivered daily in feed

Exposure duration: 90 days prior to mating – fed daily (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 1 to beyond birth)

Age of measurement: 90 days prior to mating through 396 days of age

Reference [PubMed Link]
Murray FJ, Smith FA, Nitschke KD, Humiston CG, Kociba RJ, Schwetz BA. 1979 Sep 15. Three-generation reproduction study of rats given 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the diet. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 50(2):241-52.
Study Results Study Details References

Results for Dioxin (TCDD)

Increased relative weight of liver in F3 generation at 0.01 μg/kg/day

Subjects: Sprague-Dawley rats

Chemical: Dioxin (TCDD)

Low doses tested: 0.001 or 0.01 μg/kg bw/day

Other doses tested: 0.1 μg/kg bw/day

Route of administration: delivered daily in feed

Exposure duration: 90 days prior to mating – fed daily (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 1 to beyond birth)

Age of measurement: 90 days prior to mating through 396 days of age

Reference [PubMed Link]
Murray FJ, Smith FA, Nitschke KD, Humiston CG, Kociba RJ, Schwetz BA. 1979 Sep 15. Three-generation reproduction study of rats given 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the diet. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 50(2):241-52.
Study Results Study Details References

Results for Dioxin (TCDD)

Decreased glucose uptake in 5 and 10 day cultured P19 embryoid bodies (EB); increased glucose transporter isoform 1 (GLUT1) mRNA and GLUT3 mRNA in 2 day EB; decreased GLUT1 mRNA in 5, 10 and 15 day EB; decreased GLUT3 mRNA in 15 day EB; increased GLUT4 mRNA in 5 day EB; decreased GLUT4 mRNA in 2 day EB; decreased GLUT8 mRNA in 5 and 15 day EB

Subjects: C3H/He, P19 embryoid body carcinoma cells mice

Chemical: Dioxin (TCDD)

Low doses tested: 10.0 nM

Route of administration: in vitro culture

Exposure duration: gestational day 0 – single dose (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 1 to day 1 of week 8)

Age of measurement: 2 through 15 days in culture

Reference [PubMed Link]
Tonack S, Kind K, Thompson JG, Wobus AM, Fischer B, Santos AN. 2007. Dioxin affects glucose transport via the arylhydrocarbon receptor signal cascade in pluripotent embryonic carcinoma cells. Endocrinology 148(12):5902-5912.
Study Results Study Details References

Results for Dioxin (TCDD)

Decreased body weight

Subjects: Jc1:ICR mice

Chemical: Dioxin (TCDD)

Low doses tested: 10.0 nM

Route of administration: in vitro culture

Exposure duration: 1-cell stage of preimplantation embryos – blastocyst stage of preimplantation embryos (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 1 to day 1 of week 7)

Age of measurement: gestational day 14

Reference [PubMed Link]
Wu Q, Ohsako S, Ishimura R, Suzuki JS, Tohyama C. 2004. Exposure of mouse preimplantation embryos to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) alters the methylation status of imprinted genes H19 and Igf2. Biol Reprod 70(6):1790-1797.
Study Results Study Details References

Results for Dioxin (TCDD)

Decreased expression level of imprinted gene H19; increased total DNA methyltransferase activity

Subjects: Jc1:ICR mice

Chemical: Dioxin (TCDD)

Low doses tested: 10.0 nM

Route of administration: in vitro culture

Exposure duration: 1-cell stage of preimplantation embryos – blastocyst stage of preimplantation embryos (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 1 to day 1 of week 7)

Age of measurement: gestational day 14

Reference [PubMed Link]
Wu Q, Ohsako S, Ishimura R, Suzuki JS, Tohyama C. 2004. Exposure of mouse preimplantation embryos to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) alters the methylation status of imprinted genes H19 and Igf2. Biol Reprod 70(6):1790-1797.
Study Results Study Details References

Results for Dioxin (TCDD)

Increased number of neutrophils in the lung for gestational plus lactational exposure following infection with influenza virus; increased interferon gamma (IFNγ) level in lung lavage fluid for gestational and lactational exposure following infection with influenza virus; increased number of IFNγ+ cells in bronchoalveolar (BAL) lavage comprising GR1+, CD11b+, F4/80+ , and NK1.1+ phenotypes in virus infected offspring of TCDD treated dams in which offspring received bone marrow cells from untreated control donors

Subjects: C57BL/6 mice

Chemical: Dioxin (TCDD)

Low doses tested: 1.0 μg/kg bw on gestational days 0, 7, and 14 and at 2 days of age

Route of administration: dissolved in peanut oil and delivered through gavage

Exposure duration: gestational day 0 (cross-fostered at 2 days of age) – last dose at 2 days of age (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 1 to beyond birth)

Age of measurement: eight through 10 weeks of age

Reference [PubMed Link]
Hogaboam JP, Moore AJ, Lawrence BP. 2008 Mar. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor affects distinct tissue compartments during ontogeny of the immune system. Toxicol Sci 102(1):160-70.
Study Results Study Details References

Results for Dioxin (TCDD)

Decreased pup survival indices on post-natal days 4 and 21 in F2 and F3 generations.

Subjects: C57BL/6 mice

Chemical: Dioxin (TCDD)

Low doses tested: 2.0 ng/L

Route of administration: dissolved in DMSO and delivered in drinking water

Exposure duration: gestational day 0 – daily in drinking water (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 1 to beyond birth)

Age of measurement: post-natal day 1, 4, 21, and 35

Reference [PubMed Link]
Huang L, Huang R, Ran XR, Liu HY, Zhang Y, Dai LJ, Li B. 2011. Three-generation experiment showed female C57BL/6J mice drink drainage canal water containing low level of TCDD-like activity causing high pup mortality. J Toxicol Sci 36(6):713-724.
Study Results Study Details References

Results for Dioxin (TCDD)

Decreased percent of normal embryos at compaction and blastocyst stages of pre-implantation embryos

Subjects: Sprague-Dawley rats

Chemical: Dioxin (TCDD)

Low doses tested: 0.05 (acute or chronic)or 1.0 μg/kg bw (acute)

Route of administration: dissolved in corn oil and delivered through gavage

Exposure duration: preconception – single dose (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 1 to day 1 of week 2)

Age of measurement: gestational days 4.5 or 5.5

Reference [PubMed Link]
Hutt KJ, Shi Z, Albertini DF, Petroff BK. 2008. The environmental toxicant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin disrupts morphogenesis of the rat pre-implantation embryo. BMC Dev Biol 8:1.