The weeks shown in color represent the start and end points of chemical exposure for each study.
| Study Results | Study Details | References |
Results for PFAS (K+PFOS)Increased hepatic mRNA levels of cyp4a1, cyp7a1, cyp2b2 and decreased ACoA on post-natal day 21 in males exposed to 1.0 mg/kg. |
Subjects: Sprague-Dawley rats Chemical: PFAS (K+PFOS) Low doses tested: 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg bw/d Route of administration: dissolved in Tween-20 and delivered through gavage Exposure duration: gestational day 0 – post-natal day 20 (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 1 to day 1 of week 38) Age of measurement: post-natal day 21 through 72 |
Reference [PubMed Link] Chang SC, Ehresman DJ, Bjork JA, Wallace KB, Parker GA, Stump DG, Butenhoff JL. 2009. Gestational and lactational exposure to potassium perfluorooctanesulfonate (K+PFOS) in rats: toxicokinetics, thyroid hormone status, and related gene expression. Reprod Toxicol 27(3-4):387-399. |
| Study Results | Study Details | References |
Results for PFAS (K+PFOS)Increases in the number of peroxisomes/ hepatocytes in pups exposed in utero |
Subjects: Crl:CD rats Chemical: PFAS (K+PFOS) Low doses tested: 1.6 mg/kg bw/d Route of administration: dissolved in Tween-80 and delivered through gavage Exposure duration: pre-conception – post-natal day 21 (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 1 to beyond birth) Age of measurement: post-natal day 1 through 21 |
Reference [PubMed Link] Luebker DJ, Case MT, York RG, Moore JA, Hansen KJ, Butenhoff JL. 2005. Two-generation reproduction and cross-foster studies of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in rats. Toxicology 215(1-2):126-148. |
| Study Results | Study Details | References |
Results for PFAS (K+PFOS)Hepatic mRNA expression of transthyretin was elevated in those treated both in utero and lactionally. |
Subjects: Wistar rats Chemical: PFAS (K+PFOS) Low doses tested: 3.2 mg/kg feed Route of administration: delivered daily in feed Exposure duration: gestational day 0 – post-natal day 35 (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 1 to beyond birth) Age of measurement: post-natal days 1, 7, 14, 21, and 35 |
Reference [PubMed Link] Yu WG, Liu W, Jin YH, Liu XH, Wang FQ, Liu L, Nakayama SF. 2009. Prenatal and postnatal impact of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) on rat development: a cross-foster study on chemical burden and thyroid hormone system. Environ Sci Technol 43(21):8416-8422. |
| Study Results | Study Details | References |
Results for PFAS (PFOA)Increased relative liver weight in those exposed to 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, and 1.0 mg/kg on post-natal day 22 |
Subjects: 129S1/SvlmJ mice Chemical: PFAS (PFOA) Low doses tested: 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 mg/kg bw/d Other doses tested: 10.0 and 20.0 mg/kg bw/d Route of administration: dissolved in deionized water and delievered through gavage Exposure duration: gestational day 1 – gestational day 17 (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 1 to day 1 of week 9) Age of measurement: post-natal day 1 through 22 |
Reference [PubMed Link] Abbott BD, Wolf CJ, Schmid JE, Das KP, Zehr RD, Helfant L, Nakayama S, Lindstrom AB, Strynar MJ, Lau C. 2007. Perfluorooctanoic acid induced developmental toxicity in the mouse is dependent on expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-alpha. Toxicol Sci 98(2):571-581. |
| Study Results | Study Details | References |
Results for PFAS (PFOA)Decreased PPARα mRNA levels at post-natal days 1 and 14 followed by elevated levels on post-natal day 21. Decreased PPARα protein levels at post-natal day 14 but was elevated but post-natal day 28. Decreased PPARγ mRNA levels at post-natal day 1 followed by increases above control levels on post-natal days 21 and 28. Decreased levels of PPARβ mRNA levels on post-natal days 1, 14, 21 with decreased protein expression at post-natal day 14. Increased levels of several genes regulated by PPARα and CAR including cyp4a14, cyp2b10, Acox1, Pdk4, Mel, and Ehhadh at various time-points. |
Subjects: CD-1 mice Chemical: PFAS (PFOA) Low doses tested: 5.0 mg/kg bw/d Route of administration: dissolved in deionized water and delievered through gavage Exposure duration: gestational day 1 – gestational day 17 (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 1 to day 1 of week 9) Age of measurement: gestational days 14 and 17 and post-natal days 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 |
Reference [PubMed Link] Abbott BD, Wood CR, Watkins AM, Tatum-Gibbs K, Das KP, Lau C. 2012. Effects of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) and nuclear receptor-regulated genes in fetal and postnatal CD-1 mouse tissues. Reprod Toxicol 33(4):491-505. |
| Study Results | Study Details | References |
Results for PFAS (K+PFOS)Decreased relative liver weight in females at 0.1 mg/kg. Increased relative liver weight in males at 5.0 mg/kg |
Subjects: B6C3F1 mice Chemical: PFAS (K+PFOS) Low doses tested: 0.1, 1.0, 5.0 mg/kg bw/d Route of administration: dissolved in Tween-20 and delivered through gavage Exposure duration: gestational day 1 – gestational day 17 (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 1 to day 1 of week 9) Age of measurement: 4 weeks and 8 weeks of age |
Reference [PubMed Link] Keil DE, Mehlmann T, Butterworth L, Peden-Adams MM. 2008. Gestational exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate suppresses immune function in B6C3F1 mice. Toxicol Sci 103(1):77-85. |
| Study Results | Study Details | References |
Results for PFAS (K+PFOS)Increased relative liver weight on post-natal days 14 and 21 at 1.0 mg/kg, on post-natal days 0, 3, 7, 14, 21 at 5.0 mg/kg |
Subjects: CD-1 mice Chemical: PFAS (K+PFOS) Low doses tested: 1.0 or 5.0 mg/kg bw/d Other doses tested: 10.0, 15.0, 20.0 mg/kg bw/d Route of administration: dissolved in Tween-20 and delivered through gavage Exposure duration: gestational day 1 – gestational day 17 (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 1 to day 1 of week 9) Age of measurement: from birth through 35 days of age |
Reference [PubMed Link] Lau C, Thibodeaux JR, Hanson RG, Rogers JM, Grey BE, Stanton ME, Butenhoff JL, Stevenson LA. 2003. Exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate during pregnancy in rat and mouse. II: postnatal evaluation. Toxicol Sci 74(2):382-392. |
| Study Results | Study Details | References |
Results for PFAS (PFOA)Increased liver weight |
Subjects: C57BL/6 mice Chemical: PFAS (PFOA) Low doses tested: 0.3 mg/kg in feed Route of administration: delivered daily in feed Exposure duration: gestational day 1 – gestational day 19 (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 1 to day 1 of week 14) Age of measurement: 5-8 weeks and 3-4 months of age |
Reference [PubMed Link] Onishchenko N, Fischer C, Wan Ibrahim WN, Negri S, Spulber S, Cottica D, Ceccatelli S. 2011. Prenatal exposure to PFOS or PFOA alters motor function in mice in a sex-related manner. Neurotox Res 19(3):452-461. |
| Study Results | Study Details | References |
Results for PFAS (K+PFOS)Decreased relative liver weight at 1.0 mg/kg |
Subjects: CD-1 mice Chemical: PFAS (K+PFOS) Low doses tested: 1.0, 5.0 mg/kg bw/d Other doses tested: 10.0, 15.0, 20.0 mg/kg bw/d Route of administration: dissolved in Tween-20 and delivered through gavage Exposure duration: gestational day 1 – gestational day 17 (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 1 to day 1 of week 9) Age of measurement: gestational day 18 |
Reference [PubMed Link] Thibodeaux JR, Hanson RG, Rogers JM, Grey BE, Barbee BD, Richards JH, Butenhoff JL, Stevenson LA, Lau C. 2003. Exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate during pregnancy in rat and mouse. I: maternal and prenatal evaluations. Toxicol Sci 74(2):369-381. |
| Study Results | Study Details | References |
Results for PFAS (PFOA)Increased relative liver weight on post-natal day 22 in those exposed to 1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg PFOA and also on day 42 in those exposed to 5.0 mg/kg. |
Subjects: CD-1 mice Chemical: PFAS (PFOA) Low doses tested: 1.0 or 5.0 mg/kg bw/d Route of administration: dissolved in deionized water and delievered through gavage Exposure duration: gestational day 1 – gestational day 17 (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 1 to day 1 of week 9) Age of measurement: birth through adulthood |
Reference [PubMed Link] White SS, Stanko JP, Kato K, Calafat AM, Hines EP, Fenton SE. 2011. Gestational and chronic low-dose PFOA exposures and mammary gland growth and differentiation in three generations of CD-1 mice. Environ Health Perspect 119(8):1070-1076. |
| Study Results | Study Details | References |
Results for PFAS (PFOA)Increased relative liver weight in females on post-natal day 7, 14, 21, and 28 in 3.0 mg/kg exposure level; on post-natal days 7 and 14 in the 1.0 mg/kg exposure level; and on post-natal day 7 in the 0.3 mg/kg exposure level. Increased relative liver weights in males on post-natal days 7, 14, 21, and 42 at 3.0 mg/kg; on post-natal day 7 and 42 at 1.0 mg/kg; and on post-natal day 7 at 0.3 mg/kg. |
Subjects: CD-1 mice Chemical: PFAS (PFOA) Low doses tested: 0.3, 1.0, 3.0 mg/kg bw/d Route of administration: dissolved in deionized water and delievered through gavage Exposure duration: gestational day 1 – gestational day 17 (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 1 to day 1 of week 9) Age of measurement: post-natal days 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 63, 84 |
Reference [PubMed Link] Macon MB, Villanueva LR, Tatum-Gibbs K, Zehr RD, Strynar MJ, Stanko JP, White SS, Helfant L, Fenton SE. 2011. Prenatal perfluorooctanoic acid exposure in CD-1 mice: low-dose developmental effects and internal dosimetry. Toxicol Sci 122(1):134-145. |
| Study Results | Study Details | References |
Results for PFAS (PFOA)Alterations 748, 919, and 1458 genes in the fetal liver at 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 mg/kg respectively. These genes are involved in fatty acid catabolism, lipid transport, ketogenesis, glucose metabolism, lipoprotein metabolism, cholesterol biosynthesis, steroid metabolism ,bile acid biosynthesis, phospholipid metabolism, retinol metabolism, proteosome activation, and inflammation. |
Subjects: CD-1 mice Chemical: PFAS (PFOA) Low doses tested: 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 mg/kg bw/d Other doses tested: 10.0 mg/kg bw/d Route of administration: dissolved in deionized water and delievered through gavage Exposure duration: gestational day 1 – gestational day 17 (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 1 to day 1 of week 9) Age of measurement: gestational day 18 |
Reference [PubMed Link] Rosen MB, Thibodeaux JR, Wood CR, Zehr RD, Schmid JE, Lau C. 2007. Gene expression profiling in the lung and liver of PFOA-exposed mouse fetuses. Toxicology 239(1-2):15-33. |
| Study Results | Study Details | References |
Results for PFAS (PFOA)Increased relative liver weight in males and females with in utero only, lactational only, and in utero and lactational exposure |
Subjects: CD-1 mice Chemical: PFAS (PFOA) Low doses tested: 3.0 or 5.0 mg/kg bw/d Route of administration: dissolved in deionized water and delievered through gavage Exposure duration: gestational day 1 – gestational day 17 (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 1 to day 1 of week 9) Age of measurement: from post-natal day 1 through 35 weeks |
Reference [PubMed Link] Wolf CJ, Fenton SE, Schmid JE, Calafat AM, Kuklenyik Z, Bryant XA, Thibodeaux J, Das KP, White SS, Lau CS, Abbott BD. 2007. Developmental toxicity of perfluorooctanoic acid in the CD-1 mouse after cross-foster and restricted gestational exposures. Toxicol Sci 95(2):462-473. |
| Study Results | Study Details | References |
Results for PFAS (PFOS)Alterations in the hepatic expression of genes involved in fatty acid degradation, fatty acid synthesis, synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies, cholesterol biosynthesis, bile acid synthesis and transport, and thyroid hormone metabolism. |
Subjects: Sprague-Dawley rats Chemical: PFAS (PFOS) Low doses tested: 3.0 mg/kg bw/d Route of administration: dissolved in Tween-20 and delivered through gavage Exposure duration: gestational day 2 – gestational day 20 (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 1 to day 1 of week 16) Age of measurement: gestational day 21 |
Reference [PubMed Link] Bjork JA, Lau C, Chang SC, Butenhoff JL, Wallace KB. 2008. Perfluorooctane sulfonate-induced changes in fetal rat liver gene expression. Toxicology 251(1-3):8-20. |
| Study Results | Study Details | References |
Results for PFAS (K+PFOS)Increased relative liver weight on post-natal days 2 and 9 at 1.0 mg/kg, on post-natal days 5, 9, 15, 21 at 2.0 mg/kg, and on post natal days 2 and 5 at 3.0 mg/kg |
Subjects: Sprague-Dawley rats Chemical: PFAS (K+PFOS) Low doses tested: 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 5.0 mg/kg bw/d Other doses tested: 10.0 mg/kg bw/d Route of administration: dissolved in Tween-20 and delivered through gavage Exposure duration: gestational day 2 – gestational day 21 (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 1 to day 1 of week 16) Age of measurement: from birth through 35 days of age |
Reference [PubMed Link] Lau C, Thibodeaux JR, Hanson RG, Rogers JM, Grey BE, Stanton ME, Butenhoff JL, Stevenson LA. 2003. Exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate during pregnancy in rat and mouse. II: postnatal evaluation. Toxicol Sci 74(2):382-392. |